IVDD in Dogs: A Comprehensive Guide to Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

As dog owners, we strive to provide the best possible care for our furry friends. However, sometimes unforeseen health issues arise, and it's crucial to be informed and prepared. One such condition that can affect dogs is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD). In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the details of IVDD, exploring its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and recovery. By the end, you'll have a better understanding of this neurological condition, allowing you to take the necessary steps to ensure your dog's well-being.

What is IVDD?

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a neurological condition that affects the spinal cord, vertebrae (back bones), and the disc material located between each vertebra. The spinal cord and nerves within the vertebrae transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Additionally, the spine supports the body's weight and facilitates movement. When the spinal column is compromised, it can cause pain and immobility. The soft, jelly-like discs between the vertebrae serve as cushions, absorbing shock and providing flexibility during movement.

Types of IVDD in Dogs

There are two primary types of IVDD that can impact dogs: Hansen Type 1, and Hansen Type 2. Each type involves the compression of a disc against the spinal cord, leading to varying degrees of pain and nerve damage.

Hansen Type 1: occurs when the center of the disc hardens, leading to a sudden rupture when the dog makes a wrong jump or experiences a sudden impact. This abrupt movement of the disc material causes compression and bruising of the spinal cord, resulting in sharp pain and reduced nerve function. Breeds with a long back and short legs, such as Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, and French Bulldogs, are particularly prone to Hansen Type I IVDD.

Hansen Type 2: on the other hand, involves a slower degenerative process. Over time, the disc material impinges on the spinal cord and nerves, gradually causing pain and spinal cord compression. Large-breed dogs, including German Shepherds, are susceptible to Hansen Type II IVDD due to age-related disc degeneration.

Symptoms of IVDD in Dogs

The symptoms of IVDD can vary depending on the type of disc herniation and its location along the spinal column. Common signs include limping, dragging of the hind legs, stumbling, a hunched back or neck, weakness, pain, and decreased activity level. Dogs with IVDD may also display anxious behavior, such as shivering and panting. In severe cases, they may experience loss of bladder and/or bowel control, have difficulty posturing to urinate or defecate, or even suffer from paralysis.

Causes of IVDD in Dogs

IVDD in dogs occurs as a result of herniated discs and compression of the spinal cord. Chondrodystrophic dog breeds, characterized by hereditary cartilage development abnormalities, such as Dachshunds, Corgis, and Basset Hounds, are particularly prone to acute disc ruptures. In these breeds, wear and tear on the disc over time can lead to a sudden rupture caused by forceful impacts, such as jumping or landing.

In large-breed dogs like Shepherds, Labradors, and Doberman Pinschers, the discs undergo a gradual hardening process, eventually bulging or rupturing and causing spinal cord compression. This type of IVDD occurs gradually, without a specific forceful impact triggering the damage.

Diagnosing IVDD in Dogs

If you suspect that your dog is experiencing back pain or difficulty in movement, it's crucial to seek veterinary care promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the chances of a successful recovery. To diagnose IVDD, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical and neurological examination, along with baseline blood and urine tests to assess your dog's overall health. Based on the examination results, your vet may recommend imaging tests to evaluate the severity of the condition.

Plain radiographs (X-rays) can identify areas of narrowing joint spaces between the vertebrae but are unable to visualize the spinal cord. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the preferred diagnostic tool for IVDD as it allows for a comprehensive assessment of the spinal cord and discs in a single image. Depending on the clinical signs and indications for surgery, additional diagnostic tools such as myelography or computed tomography (CT scan) may be employed to investigate the type and location of the disc herniation.

Treatment Options for IVDD in Dogs

The treatment approach for IVDD depends on the severity of the spinal cord damage and can range from medical management to emergency surgery.

In mild cases, the focus is on pain reduction, inflammation control, and swelling reduction. Medications and strict confinement are utilized to achieve these goals. It's crucial to restrict your dog's movement by confining them to a crate or a small area where they cannot engage in vigorous activities. The duration of strict rest will vary depending on the specific injury and rate of healing. Physical therapy may also be recommended to aid in the recovery process.

In severe cases where the dog experiences paralysis or significant loss of mobility, surgical correction of the herniation is typically recommended. This emergency surgery aims to minimize permanent neurological damage by evaluating the herniation and relieving pressure on the spinal cord. A laminectomy, which involves removing a portion of the bony vertebra over the affected area, is commonly performed.

Post-surgery, activity restrictions remain in place to allow the spinal cord to heal. However, it's important to note that not all dogs regain full function even with surgery, and some may experience lasting neurological issues.

Financial Considerations

The cost of IVDD surgery for dogs can range between $2,000 and $5,000, depending on the location and the veterinary office. It's essential to consider additional expenses such as pre-op and post-op treatments, consultations, lab work, medications, and potential unforeseen costs associated with the condition.

Recovery and Management of IVDD in Dogs

The prognosis for IVDD varies depending on the severity and location of the injury. In cases with minimal neurological issues, dogs have an excellent chance of regaining mobility. However, if the dog has lost the ability to sense pain in its legs before surgery, it may never regain the ability to walk.

Recovery from IVDD is a slow process, and strict measures must be taken to prevent further injury. Running, jumping, going up or down stairs, playing with other dogs, and hopping on or off furniture should be prohibited. For mild to moderate IVDD injuries, treatment often involves the use of steroid and anti-inflammatory medications, combined with strict activity reduction for four to six weeks. Recovery from IVDD surgery requires six to eight weeks of restricted activity.

While it may be challenging to prevent future disc herniations, certain measures can reduce the likelihood. Avoiding activities that involve jumping and sudden, explosive movements, such as playing frisbee or navigating stairs, can help minimize the risk. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight for your dog aids in a quicker recovery from surgery and reduces strain on the back.

In cases where surgery is not successful in restoring normal mobility, a dog wheelchair can be a valuable tool to enhance your pup's quality of life while living with IVDD.

Conclusion

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a neurological condition that affects the spinal cord and discs in dogs, causing pain, nerve damage, and potential paralysis. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options associated with IVDD, you can proactively care for your dog's health. Prompt veterinary attention, whether for mild or severe cases, is crucial to maximize the chances of a successful recovery. With proper management and a supportive environment, dogs diagnosed with IVDD can lead fulfilling lives and enjoy the activities they love.